Fractal Bitcoin: Comprehensive Research Report

Summary

Fractal Bitcoin was launched on September 9, 2024, and may represent an innovation in Bitcoin scaling solutions. Although Fractal has captured a significant portion of Bitcoin's hash rate within days of its launch, it remains relatively unknown in the global crypto community. This study aims to uncover this innovative project that has quickly gained attention in the Bitcoin ecosystem.

Key Points

1. Innovative mining method: Fractal introduces a hybrid mining model that combines merged mining and permissionless mining. This model provides a new perspective on PoW, proving that even as the industry shifts towards PoS, PoW remains a robust network security method.

2. Bitcoin's Leading Network: Due to its compatibility with the Bitcoin mainnet, Fractal provides developers with a real testing environment, offering valuable user data and activity insights. The activation of OP_CAT on Fractal marks the beginning of numerous anticipated experiments, solidifying Fractal's role as a potential upgrade and innovation testing ground for Bitcoin.

3. Strong user base from day one: Through partnerships with OKX and UniSat, Fractal successfully attracted the most active Bitcoin users from the very beginning. This early adoption helped Fractal avoid the common "cold start" problem that new platforms face.

4. Grassroots and Community-Oriented: Fractal maintains a pragmatic community-driven strategy, avoiding excessive hype and institutional influence. This focus on organic growth and participation is at its core.

5. Ecosystem Integration: Fractal has successfully integrated key participants in the Bitcoin ecosystem, including the BRC-20, Ordinals, and Runes communities, which positions Fractal ahead of current Bitcoin trends.

1. Introduction

Fractal Bitcoin is the only Bitcoin scaling solution that recursively expands infinite levels using the Bitcoin core code itself, built on the most secure and widely held blockchain in the world.

To fully understand the innovations of Fractal, it is necessary to understand the historical background of the Bitcoin scaling debate. In 2017, the Segregated Witness ( SegWit ) soft fork aimed to increase Bitcoin's block capacity, followed by the controversial Bitcoin Cash ( Bitcoin Cash ) hard fork as another method of expansion. From 2018 onwards, increasing attention turned to second-layer solutions, such as the Lightning Network ( Lightning Network ). In this ongoing exploration of Bitcoin's scalability and functional enhancement, Fractal emerges as a new approach, providing a unique perspective to address these long-standing challenges.

As an important milestone, the Fractal mainnet officially launched on September 9, 2024, at 00:00 UTC.

The recent launch has achieved remarkable success, showcasing the project's strong appeal and technical robustness. Within just 24 hours of the mainnet launch, Fractal's joint mining accounted for over 40% of Bitcoin's total hash rate, while free mining on Fractal represented 2% of Bitcoin's hash rate. To better understand these figures, the hash rate of Fractal's free mining has exceeded three times that of Bitcoin Cash (BCH)'s total hash rate. This rapid adoption by miners demonstrates a high level of confidence in Fractal's technology and its potential.

The project has attracted the participation of key players in the mining sector. Major mining pools such as F2Pool, Antpool, and Spiderpool have joined Fractal's mining ecosystem. In addition, several other well-known mining pools are preparing to participate, indicating that interest in the Fractal mining network is increasing and has the potential for further expansion.

2. Core Concepts and Technologies

2.1 Native Bitcoin Expansion

Fractal, as a native extension of Bitcoin, differentiates itself from other scaling solutions through its approach. By leveraging Bitcoin's existing codebase and modifying block production parameters, Fractal maintains full compatibility with the Bitcoin mainnet, ensuring seamless integration with existing infrastructure. This approach achieves functional enhancements without compromising the core security model of Bitcoin, striking a balance between innovation and upholding Bitcoin's fundamental principles.

2.2 Technical Specifications

Fractal introduces several key technological innovations:

• Block Time: Fractal has implemented a block time of 30 seconds, which is a significant improvement compared to Bitcoin's 10-minute block time. This faster block time allows for quicker transaction confirmations, greatly enhancing the user experience. Additionally, it significantly increases the overall throughput of the network, potentially supporting a wider range of complex applications that require high transaction volumes.

• Mining Mechanism: Fractal adopts a unique hybrid mining method. In every three blocks, two are permissionless mining, and the other is joint mining with Bitcoin. This innovative mechanism encourages decentralization by allowing individual miners to freely participate in two-thirds of the block production. At the same time, it enhances security by utilizing Bitcoin's powerful computing power for joint mining every third block. This balanced approach aims to maintain network security and decentralization, while incentivizing existing Bitcoin miners to support the Fractal network.

• Scalability: The Fractal architecture theoretically supports unlimited layers of improvement. Each Fractal layer offers a 20-fold capacity increase compared to the Bitcoin mainnet. This means that the base layer provides 20 times the capacity of Bitcoin, while the second layer will provide 400 times the capacity. This exponential scalability model allows Fractal to address the throughput limitations of Bitcoin while maintaining the security properties of the base layer.

• Smart Contract Functionality: By implementing the OP_CAT opcode, Fractal has achieved Turing completeness for smart contracts on a Bitcoin-based platform. OP_CAT is a simple concatenation operation that, when combined with other opcodes, enables complex smart contract logic. This functionality opens up possibilities for advanced DeFi protocols, intricate NFT mechanisms, and other decentralized applications that were previously limited to the Ethereum platform.

• Parallel Execution: The architecture of Fractal allows different applications to run their own instances, so specific optimizations do not affect the entire network. For example, gaming platforms can run on a specially optimized Fractal layer for high-frequency, low-value transactions, while DeFi protocols can leverage independently tuned layers for financial operations.

• Compatibility: Fractal maintains 100% compatibility with Bitcoin standards ( such as BRC-20 and Ordinals ). This ensures that existing Bitcoin tokens and NFTs can operate seamlessly. Additionally, users can use the same address between the Bitcoin mainnet and Fractal, simplifying the user experience and reducing the risk of address management errors.

Lorenzo, the founder of UniSat and a core contributor to Fractal, outlined his vision while answering community questions.

2.3 Unique User Experience

Unlike other Bitcoin Layer 2 solutions, wallet addresses on Fractal are identical to mainnet addresses. This design provides Ethereum-like convenience, allowing users to switch networks in UniSat or OKX wallets to access different layers. In contrast to other Bitcoin Layer 2 solutions that require separate EVM wallet addresses, Fractal allows users to continue using their Bitcoin mainnet addresses for Layer 2 activities. As of now, major wallets like OKX Wallet and UniSat Wallet fully support Fractal Bitcoin, serving most active Bitcoin DeFi and collectibles users.

3. The Position of Fractal in the Bitcoin Ecosystem

Comparison with Other Bitcoin Solutions 3.1

Fractal has entered a highly competitive market for Bitcoin scaling solutions. Here is a comparison with some major alternatives:

• EVM-compatible Layer 2: Some projects are attempting to create EVM-based second-layer solutions for Bitcoin. While these solutions are relatively easy to implement and launch, they face significant challenges in acceptance within the Bitcoin community. The Bitcoin ecosystem, especially its core users and developers, often views these EVM-compatible solutions as "Frankenstein-like". In contrast, Fractal takes a Bitcoin-native approach aimed at expanding Bitcoin's capabilities without introducing external architectures. This approach may align better with the ideals of Bitcoin purists and could achieve better integration and adoption within the existing Bitcoin ecosystem.

• Bitcoin Cash ( BCH ): Bitcoin Cash emerged as a hard fork of Bitcoin, aiming to improve scalability through larger block sizes. This approach led to divisions within the Bitcoin community and forced users to choose between two competing visions of Bitcoin. The fork of BCH sparked many political debates, often overshadowing the technical discussions. In contrast, Fractal takes a fundamentally different approach. It does not create a separate chain or force users to make a choice, but rather embraces Bitcoin as the mainnet and seeks to expand it locally. Fractal's architecture allows for the creation of multiple instances to scale together, potentially providing infinite scalability without sacrificing the security or decentralization of the underlying layer.

• Lightning Network (: The Lightning Network excels in fast, low-cost payments and high privacy, but its smart contract capabilities are limited and it faces channel liquidity issues. In contrast, Fractal offers comprehensive smart contract support, does not require channel management, and provides a simpler user experience.

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) 3.2 Market Strategy and Built-in User Base

Fractal stands out in the highly competitive Layer 2 space, not only relying on technological innovation but also gaining advantages through strategic market approaches and a strong built-in user base. With the support of UniSat, a leading Bitcoin wallet with approximately 1 million weekly active users, Fractal is able to reach an already engaged audience.

Many UniSat users already hold assets like BRC20 tokens and Runes in their wallets. These users naturally wish for a cheaper, faster, and more feature-rich trading environment. Fractal happens to directly meet this demand by providing an improved trading experience while maintaining familiarity and compatibility with the Bitcoin ecosystem that these users are accustomed to.

This intrinsic user base gives Fractal a significant advantage over other Layer 2 solutions and new blockchain platforms, which often face the "cold start" problem, that is, the challenge of attracting an initial user base and establishing network effects from scratch. By leveraging UniSat's existing user base, Fractal may circumvent the barriers to early adoption.

In addition, Fractal's strategy regarding growth metrics also distinguishes it from many other blockchain projects. While many Layer 2 solutions and new blockchains regard Total Value Locked ### TVL ( as a core metric, Fractal plans to use transaction volume as its North Star metric. This strategy aligns with its built-in user base, which is likely to naturally generate a large number of transactions when interacting with existing assets on a more efficient platform.

By focusing on trading volume rather than TVL, Fractal can showcase real usage and adoption, which may be more appealing to users and investors in the long run. This strategy also allows Fractal to stand out among numerous projects that make TVL numbers the focal point of competition.

4. Ecosystem Construction

Fractal's ecosystem development strategy is committed to decentralized and community-driven growth. This section outlines Fractal's strategy for building a robust and diverse ecosystem.

) 4.1 Decentralization Concept

The core of the Fractal ecosystem construction is a firm commitment to decentralization. This concept is reflected in several key aspects:

• Diverse cross-chain bridge solutions: Unlike some Layer 2 solutions that rely on a single official bridge, Fractal encourages the use of various cross-chain bridging methods between the mainnet and its network. This approach reduces the risk of single points of failure and fosters innovation in cross-chain interactions.

• Open Development Environment: Fractal does not mandate specific development frameworks or methods, allowing developers to innovate freely within the ecosystem.

• Community-driven governance: The direction of the ecosystem is primarily determined by community input and initiatives, rather than unilaterally decided by a central authority.

• Distributed Infrastructure